Top 100+ Dbms+rdbms Interview Questions And Answers

Question 1. What Is Database Or Database Management Systems (dbms)?

Answer :

Database presents a systematic and organized manner of storing, coping with and retrieving from series of logically related information. Secondly the facts must be persistent, which means even after the software is closed the statistics need to be persisted. Finally it should provide an independent way of gaining access to records and must no longer be depending on the application to get admission to the information.

Question 2. What Is Database?

Answer :

A database is a logically coherent collection of facts with some inherent that means, representing some component of actual world and that's designed, built and populated with facts for a selected cause.

RDBMS Interview Questions
Question three. How Many Types Of Database Languages Are?

Answer :

There are 4 types of database languages:

Data Definition Language (DDL) e.G. CREATE, ALTER, DROP etc.
Data Manipulation Language (DML) e.G. SELECT, UPDATE, INSERT and so on.
DATA Control Language (DCL) e.G. GRANT and REVOKE.
Transaction Control Language (TCL) e.G. COMMIT and ROLLBACK.
Question four. Can You Explain The Between Clause In Dbms?

Answer :

Below SQL selects personnel born among '01/01/1995' AND '01/01/1978' as in line with mysql

SELECT * FROM wbEmployee WHERE DOB BETWEEN '1995-01-01' AND '2011-09-28'

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Question five. What Is An Attribute?

Answer :

It is a selected assets, which describes the entity.

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Question 6. What Is Stored Procedure?

Answer :

A saved procedure is a named organization of SQL statements which have been formerly created and stored within the server database.

Question 7. What's The Difference Between File And Database? Can Files Qualify As A Database?

Answer :

Main difference among a simple document and database that database has unbiased manner (SQL) of accessing information whilst simple files do no longer File meets the storing, coping with and retrieving part of a database but no longer the independent way of getting access to information. Many experienced programmers assume that the primary distinction is that record can't offer multi-person abilties which a DBMS presents. But if we examine a few antique COBOL and C programs wherein report in which the most effective approach of storing statistics, we will see functionalities like locking, multi-user and so forth supplied very efficiently. So it’s a matter of discussion if a few interviewers think this as a main distinction between documents and database take delivery of it… stepping into to discuss is probably loosing a job.

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Question 8. What Is A Database System?

Answer :

The database and DBMS software program together is known as as Database device.

Question 9. What Is Normalization?

Answer :

Normalization is a technique of studying the given relation schemas in step with their purposeful dependencies. It is used to limit redundancy and also decrease insertion, deletion and replace distractio

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Question 10. What Is The Sql " In " Clause?

Answer :

SQL IN operator is used to look if the value exists in a group of values. For instance the beneath

SQL exams if the Name is both 'David' or 'Craig' SELECT * FROM wbEmployee WHERE call IN ('David','Craig') Also you can specify a not clause with the equal. SELECT * FROM wbEmployee WHERE age NOT IN (30,25)

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Question eleven. What Is Weak Entity Set?

Answer :

An entity set might not have sufficient attributes to shape a number one key, and its primary key compromises of its partial key and primary key of its figure entity, then it's far said to be Weak Entity set.

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Question 12. What Is Data Independence?

Answer :

Data independence specifies that the utility is unbiased of the garage shape and the get admission to strategy of statistics. It approach the ability to modify the schema definition in a single stage must not have an effect on the schema definition in the next better degree.
There are two types of information independence:

Physical statistics independence
Logical records independence
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Question 13. What Is Sql?

Answer :

SQL stands for Structured Query Language.SQL is an ANSI (American National Standards Institute) popular pc language for having access to and manipulating database systems. SQL statements are used to retrieve and update statistics in a database.

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Question 14. What Are The Advantages Of Dbms?

Answer :

Redundancy is managed.
Unauthorised get entry to is restrained.
Providing multiple consumer interfaces.
Enforcing integrity constraints.
Providing backup and recuperation.
Question 15. What Is Denormalization?

Answer :

Denormalization is the procedure of boosting up database overall performance and adding of redundant information which enables to put off complicated facts.

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Question 16. What Is Order By Clause In Dmbs?

Answer :

ORDER BY clause allows to sort the records in both ascending order to descending order.

Ascending order sort question : SELECT name,age FROM pcdsEmployee ORDER BY age ASC.
Descending order type query : SELECT name FROM pcdsEmployee ORDER BY age DESC.
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Question 17. What Is An Extension Of Entity Type?

Answer :

The collections of entities of a selected entity kind are grouped together into an entity set.

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Question 18. What Is Entity?

Answer :

Entity is a hard and fast of attributes in a database.

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Question 19. What’s Difference Between Dbms And Rdbms?

Answer :

DBMS provides a systematic and prepared way of storing, managing and retrieving from collection of logically related records. RDBMS also provides what DBMS offers but above that it offers courting integrity. So in short we can say 

RDBMS = DBMS + REFERENTIAL INTEGRITY

These members of the family are described with the aid of the use of “Foreign Keys” in any RDBMS.Many DBMS businesses claimed there DBMS product turned into a RDBMS compliant, however in keeping with industry policies and guidelines if the DBMS fulfills the twelve CODD regulations it’s surely a RDBMS. Almost all DBMS (SQL SERVER, ORACLE and so on) fulfills all the twelve CODD policies and are considered as simply RDBMS.

Question 20. What Are The Disadvantage In File Processing System?

Answer :

Data redundancy and inconsistency.
Difficult in gaining access to statistics.
Data isolation.
Data integrity.
Concurrent get entry to is not feasible.
Security Problems.
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Question 21. What Is Functional Dependency?

Answer :

Functional Dependency is the place to begin of normalization. It exists while a relation among  attributes allows you to uniquely determine the corresponding attribute's value.

Question 22. Can You Explain Insert, Update And Delete Query In Dbms?

Answer :

Insert assertion is used to insert new rows in to desk. Update to replace existing statistics in the table. Delete assertion to delete a document from the table. Below code snippet for Insert, Update and Delete :-

INSERT INTO wbEmployee SET call='maxwell',age='22';
UPDATE wbEmployee SET age='22' in which call='maxwell';
DELETE FROM wbEmployee WHERE call = 'david';

Question 23. What Is An Entity Set?

Answer :

It is a collection of all entities of particular entity kind inside the database.

Question 24. What Is E-r Model?

Answer :

E-R model is a short name for Entity Relationship version. This model is based totally on actual world. It incorporates primary items (known as entities) and dating amongst those objects.

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Question 25. How Many Types Of Relationship Exist In Database Designing?

Answer :

There are three fundamental dating fashions:-

One-to-one
One-to-many
Many-to-many
Question 26. What Is Extension And Intension?

Answer :

Extension: It is the variety of tuples present in a table at any instance. This is time structured.
Intension: It is a constant fee that offers the name, structure of table and the restrictions laid on it.
Question 27. Why A Database Is Called As Relational Database Model?

Answer :

A database version represents the connection among one or greater databases. The relationship is called the relational database model. It is an extension of the normal databases with out relations. It provides flexibility and lets in one database to be in relation with every other database. It can get right of entry to the facts from many databases at one time over the network.

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Question 28. What Are Entities And Attributes Referring To?

Answer :

Table consists of a few residences which might be called attributes. These encompass the representation of entity within the table. They are represented by way of columns in the desk. Entity is stated the shop records about any specific component. It is the smallest unit in the desk.

Question 29. What Do You Understand By Relation In Relational Database Model?

Answer :

Relation in the relational database version is described because the set of tuples which have the same attributes. Tuple represents an object and additionally the statistics that the item incorporates. Objects are essentially times of instructions and used to preserve the bigger photo. Relation is described as a table and is prepared in rows and columns. The statistics referenced by way of the relation come within the equal domain and feature the identical constraints as well. Relations in the relational database model can be modified the use of the instructions like insert, delete and many others.

Question 30. Why Domain Is Of High Importance?

Answer :

Domain describes viable values grouped together that can be given for an attribute. It is taken into consideration the identical way as a constraint at the price of attribute. A domain may be connected to an characteristic but handiest if the attribute is an element of certain set. For instance: XYZ doesn’t satisfy the area constraint however the integer cost as 899 fulfills the criteria of domain constraint. Hence, domain is of excessive importance.

Question 31. Advantages Of Dbms?

Answer :

Redundancy is controlled. Unauthorised get entry to is restrained. Providing a couple of user interfaces. Enforcing integrity constraints. Providing backup and healing.

Question 32. What Is The Difference Between Base And Derived Relation?

Answer :

Relational database approach the relationship between specific databases. In relational database user can shop and get entry to all of the facts thru the tables which can be associated with every different. Relationship between the shop records is called base family members and implementation of it's miles called as tables. Whereas, family members which don’t store the records, but may be found out by means of applying relational operations on different family members are referred to as as derived relations. When these are applied they are termed as perspectives or queries. Derived members of the family are more beneficial then base relation, as they can have more information from many family members, however they act as a unmarried relation.

Question 33. Disadvantage In File Processing System?

Answer :

Data redundancy & inconsistency.
Difficult in having access to facts.
Data isolation.
Data integrity.
Concurrent get right of entry to is not viable.
Security Problems.
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Question 34. What Are Constraints In Database?

Answer :

Constraints are form of regulations which can be applied to the database or at the domain of an characteristic. For example an integer characteristic is constrained from 1-10 and no longer greater than that. They offer the manner to enforce the commercial enterprise common sense and the policies in database. In database it could be implemented within the form of check constraints that tests for the guidelines that haven’t been observed via the programmer. Constraint extensively utilized to restriction the records that may be stored inside the family members. Domain constraint can be applied to test the domain functionality and preserve it secure..

Question 35. Describe The Three Levels Of Data Abstraction?

Answer :

The are three ranges of abstraction:

Physical degree: The lowest level of abstraction describes how records are stored.
Logical stage: The subsequent higher level of abstraction, describes what information are stored in database and what relationship amongst the ones data.
View degree: The maximum level of abstraction describes handiest a part of complete database.
Question 36. What Are The Two Principles Of Relational Database Model? What Is The Difference Between Them?

Answer :

The  most important rules for the relational model are as follows:

Entity integrity: this is used to maintain the integrity at entity level
Referential integrity: it is used to keep integrity on all the values which have been referenced.
The variations between them are as follows:

Entity integrity tells that during a database each entity should have a completely unique key; however referential integrity tells that in the database every desk values for all foreign keys will stay legitimate.
Referential integrity is based totally on entity integrity but it is not the alternative way round.
For instance: if a table is gift and there is a set of column out of which one column has determine key set then to ensure that the desk doesn’t incorporate any reproduction values, a completely unique index is defined on the column that includes the determine key.

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Question 37. Define The Integrity Rules?

Answer :

There are two Integrity rules.

Entity Integrity: States that Primary key cannot have NULL fee
Referential Integrity: States that Foreign Key may be both a NULL cost or have to be Primary Key value of other relation.
Question 38. What Is The Difference Between Primary And Foreign Key?

Answer :

Primary key uniquely pick out a relationship in a database, while foreign key is the key that is in different relation and it's been referenced from the primary key from different table.
Primary key remains one only for the table, whereas there may be more than one overseas key.
Primary key's precise and gained’t be shared between many tables, but foreign key could be shared among more than one desk and may be used to tell the connection between them.
Question 39. Why Stored Procedures Are Called As Executable Code?

Answer :

Stored manner saved inside the database. This also includes the executable code that commonly collects and customizes the operations like insert, encapsulation, and so on. These stored approaches are used as APIs for simplicity and protection purposes. The implementation of it allows the builders to have procedural extensions to the standard SQL syntax. Stored method doesn’t come as part of relational database version, however can be protected in many implementations commercially.

Question 40. What Is System R? What Are Its Two Major Subsystems?

Answer :

System R become designed and advanced over a length of 1974-79 at IBM San Jose Research Center. It is a prototype and its reason was to illustrate that it's miles viable to construct a Relational System that may be used in a actual lifestyles environment to solve real lifestyles problems, with overall performance as a minimum akin to that of current gadget.
Its  subsystems are

Research Storage
System Relational Data System.
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Question forty one. What Is An Index Represent In Relational Database Model?

Answer :

Index is a manner to provide short get admission to to the statistics and structure. It has indexes hold and can be created to combine attributes on a relation. Index permits the queries to filter the searches faster and matching facts may be found earlier with simplicity. For example it's far same because the e-book in which via using the index you can without delay bounce to a described section. In relational database there is a provision to present multiple indexing strategies to optimize the statistics distribution.

Question forty two. How Is The Data Structure Of System R Different From The Relational Structure?

Answer :

Unlike Relational structures in System R 

Domains aren't supported 
Enforcement of candidate key area of expertise is optionally available 
Enforcement of entity integrity is non-compulsory
Referential integrity isn't always enforced
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Question 43. What Are The Relational Operations That Can Be Performed On The Database?

Answer :

There are many relational operators which might be used to carry out movements on relational database. These operators are as follows:

union operator: that combines the rows of  family members and doesn’t include any replica. It additionally removes the duplicates from the end result.
Intersection operator: presents a fixed of rows that two family members have in not unusual.
Difference operator: provide the output by using taking  family members and producing the difference of rows from first that don’t exist in 2d.
Cartesian product: is accomplished on two family members. It acts as a pass be part of operator.
Question forty four. What Do You Understand By Database Normalization?

Answer :

Normalization may be very crucial part of relational version. It includes set of strategies that eliminates the domains that are non-atomic and redundancy of facts that prevents statistics manipulation and loss of records integrity. Normal paperwork are the not unusual form of normalization. It facilitates in decreasing redundancy to increase the facts universal. It has some negative aspects because it increases complexity and have some overhead of processing.

Question 45. What Is A View? How It Is Related To Data Independence?

Answer :

A view may be thought of as a virtual table, this is, a desk that doesn't in reality exist in its very own proper however is rather derived from one or greater underlying base table. In other phrases, there is no stored file that direct represents the view as a substitute a definition of view is saved in statistics dictionary.

Growth and restructuring of base tables isn't always reflected in views. Thus the view can insulate customers from the outcomes of restructuring and boom inside the database. Hence bills for logical facts independence.

Question forty six. What Is Data Model?

Answer :

A series of conceptual equipment for describing facts, data relationships data semantics and constraints.

Question 47. How De-normalization Is Different From Normalization?

Answer :

Analytical processing databases aren't very normalized. The operations which might be used are examine most databases. It is used to extract the records which might be historical and accumulated over lengthy time period. For this cause de-normalization takes place that offer clever enterprise programs. Dimensional tables in megastar schema are right instance of de-normalized facts. The de-normalized shape need to be managed at the same time as extracting, remodeling, loading and processing. There ought to be constraint that user ought to now not be allowed to view the country until it's miles constant. It is used to increase the overall performance on many systems with out RDBMS platform.

 

Question 48. What Is The Type Of De-normalization?

Answer :

Non-first everyday shape (NFA) – it describes the definition of the database layout which is different from the primary regular shape. It keeps the values in established and specialized sorts with their own area particular languages. The question language used in this is prolonged to incorporate greater aid for relational area values by adding more operators.

Question forty nine. What Is Object Oriented Model?

Answer :

This version is based on collection of gadgets. An item consists of values stored in instance variables with in the item. An object additionally contains bodies of code that perform on the item. These bodies of code are known as techniques. Objects that incorporate identical styles of values and the equal methods are grouped together into lessons.

Question 50. How Many Levels Of Data Abstraction Present?

Answer :

There are three degrees of facts abstraction this is found in database version and those are as follows:

bodily stage: it's far the lowest degree that describes how information is saved in the database.
Logical level: it's far the subsequent higher level in the hierarchy that offers the abstraction. It describes what facts are stored and the relationship among them.
View stage : it is the best level in hierarch that describes part of the whole database. It allows user to view the database and do the query.
Question 51. What Is An Entity Type?

Answer :

It is a set (set) of entities which have equal attributes.

Question fifty two. What Is Data Storage - Definition Language?

Answer :

The garage systems and get admission to methods utilized by database system are special by way of a fixed of definition in a special type of DDL called records garage-definition language.

Question fifty three. What Is Sdl (garage Definition Language)?

Answer :

This language is to specify the internal schema. This language may specify the mapping among two schemas.

Question fifty four. What Is The Difference Between Dbms And Rdbms?

Answer :

DBMS is continual and on hand when the records is created or exists, but RDBMS tells approximately the relation among the desk and other tables.
RDBS supports a tabular shape for information and relationship among them within the gadget while DBMS helps simplest the tabular shape.
DBMS offer uniform methods for software that must be independently accessed, but RDBMS doesn’t offer strategies like DBMS but offer courting which link one entity with every other.
Question 55. What Do You Understand By Cardinality And Why It Is Used?

Answer :

Cardinality is important and used to set up the records within the database. It is related to the design part and need to be nicely used in database. It is utilized in E-R diagrams and used to show the relationship among entities/tables. It has many paperwork just like the basic is one to 1, which partner one entity with any other.

Second is one to many: which relates one entity with many entities in a table.
Third is many to many M: N that permits many entities to be related to many more.
Last is many to 1: that allows the many entities to be associated with one entity.

Question fifty six. What Is Relationship?

Answer :

It is an affiliation among two or greater entities.

Relationship Set - The series (or set) of similar relationships.
Relationship Type - Relationship kind defines a hard and fast of institutions or a dating set amongst a given set of entity kinds.
Degree of Relationship Type - It is the quantity of entity type taking part.
Question 57. What Is The Purpose Of Acid Properties?

Answer :

ACID stands for Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation and sturdiness and it plays an essential role within the database. These homes allow the database to be more convenient to get entry to and use. This permits information to be shared greater correctly in between the tables. If these residences aren't being carried out then the statistics becomes inconsistent and inaccurate. It facilitates in keeping the accuracy of the records within the database.

Question 58. What Do You Understand By Data Independence?

Answer :

Data independence tells approximately the independence of the statistics within the software. It generally offers with the garage structure and represents the capacity to adjust the schema definition. It doesn’t affect the schema definition that's being written on the higher degree. There are  varieties of facts independence:

Physical facts independence: it permit the change to be executed in bodily level and doesn’t have an effect on the logical stage.
Logical data independence: it allow the modification to be executed at logical stage and affects the view stage.
NOTE: Logical Data Independence is extra tough to obtain.

Question 59. What Is Vdl?

Answer :

VDL (View Definition Language): It specifies person perspectives and their mappings to the conceptual schema.

Question 60. What Is Ddl?

Answer :

Data Definition Language : A data base schema is specifies by means of a fixed of definitions expressed with the aid of a unique language known as DDL.