Top 100+ Nanotechnology Interview Questions And Answers

Question 1. What Is Nanotechnology Considered To Be?

Answer :

Nanotechnology is a conventional time period for the development of revolutionary materials and applications in diverse herbal technological know-how and technical disciplines along with physics, chemistry, biology and remedy, in addition to engineering and cloth sciences. It deals with substances with as a minimum one size smaller than 100 nanometres (nm), so called nanomaterials.

With the help of nanotechnology, it's far viable to increase systems, techniques and systems in which materials show absolutely new properties and features. Industry, remedy, technology and purchasers desire that this capability will result in beneficial programs in such regions as robotics, sensory era, manner engineering, biotechnology and medicinal drug in addition to for the in addition development of ingredients, consumer merchandise and cosmetics.

Question 2. What Are Nanomaterials?

Answer :

According to the definition of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), synthetic nanomaterials of organic or inorganic origin are differentiated on the only hand into 3 types of nano-objects which can be smaller than one hundred nanometres (nm) in at least one dimension:

Spherical systems (e.G. Nanoparticles and fullerenes),
Fibrous systems (e.G. Nanotubes)
Extremely skinny layers (e.G. Nanoplatelets)
and into so-called nanostructured substances on the opposite (e.G. Aggregates or compound substances containing or which include nano-items of this kind).

The European Commission published a recommendation in October 2011 in line with which a “nanomaterial” should be understood to be a natural cloth taking place or produced during procedures containing particles in an unbound circumstance, as an mixture or as an agglomerate, with which at the least 50 % of the debris inside the range size distribution have one or greater outer dimensions inside the range from 1 nm to a hundred nm. In unique cases, the threshold fee of 50 % for the wide variety size distribution may be replaced by way of a threshold value of between 1 % and 50 % if that is justified by way of environmental, health, safety or opposition concerns. This definition is for use in future as a basic precept in all European substance directives and guidelines governing the usage of nanomaterials (chemical substances, cosmetics, ingredients and feeds, pesticides and biocides). The recommendation of the Commission also provides for the opportunity of establishing amendments or deviations in sure criminal areas, but. A precise definition for technically synthetic nanomaterials became determined in Regulation (EU) No. 1169/2011 at the provision of meals data to customers.

On the only hand, nanoparticles may be carried into the ambient air as ultrafine dusts from natural or artificial combustion assets (e.G. Volcanic ash, cigarette smoke, exhaust gases from heating structures or thermodynamic machines along with inner combustion engines) and can also be produced by chance in paintings and manufacturing procedures (e.G. Welding smoke).

On the alternative hand, nanomaterials are manufactured specifically for use in lots of technical regions in addition to in client merchandise, along with paints, cosmetics, textiles and packaging materials, as so-referred to as engineered nanomaterials (ENM). Examples of especially manufactured nanomaterials are nanosilver, carbon nanotubes, titanium dioxide nanoparticles or what is called nanoclay, an aluminium silicate in nano shape.

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Question three. What Are Nanocapsules?

Answer :

Organic compounds such as liposomes, micelles and vesicles, are delivered to foods to encapsulate other materials such as nutrients or flavourings, delivery them through the frame and release them at precisely the right spot. As the size of these “delivery packing containers” is often in the nanometre variety, they're additionally referred to as nanocapsules.

Question four. In Which Products Are Nanomaterials Already Being Used?

Answer :

It has to be assumed these days that clients come into contact with a selection of merchandise wherein nanomaterials had been processed. They are utilized in various methods in customer merchandise. For instance nanomaterials are used in meals packaging, textiles, kitchen devices, varnishes and paints. They are also used in merchandise for floor sealing and cleaning in addition to in sharpening marketers. Nanomaterials are also used in cosmetics. Titanium dioxide and zinc oxide are used as UV filters in sun creams, as an example; nanosilver is used as an antimicrobial agent in textiles and nanoclay has numerous programs in the food packaging area.

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Question 5. How Are Nonomaterial’s Regulated?

Answer :

There is not any nano-unique law inside the sense of a nanotechnology law. Instead, lawmakers have decided to adapt existing regulations to the new nanotechnology requirements, a technique which has not but been completed. The state of affairs inside the individual regions is presently as follows:

Nanomaterials are given explicit attention for the first time within the new cosmetics regulation (EC) No. 1223/2009, which is to be implemented in full from eleven July 2013. According to Article 16 of the EU regulation, cosmetics which incorporate nanomaterials have to be mentioned to the EU Commission from 11 Jan. 2013. In addition to registration according with Article 13 of the EU regulation, notification of cosmetics containing nanomaterials must also take delivery of via electronic means six months before they may be placed into stream. Comprehensive data at the nanomaterials (specification of bodily and chemical properties, estimate of the portions introduced into stream, foreseeable exposure conditions, toxicological profile and safety facts) have to be supplied right here. Cosmetics containing nanomaterials in conformance with the necessities of Appendix III, in addition to nanomaterials which can be accredited as colorants, UV filters or preservatives, are exempted from this.

If cosmetics incorporate nanomaterials, those have to be indexed inside the listing of components. The call of every aspect need to be followed through the word “nano” in brackets. The marking and labelling obligation applies to all nanomaterials.

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Question 6. How Can I Tell If A Product Contains Nanomaterials?

Answer :

Consumers can't realise with the bare eye whether or not or now not a product carries nanomaterials. They ought to depend on a declaration which isn't but mandatory, however this is set to alternate inside the coming years. The marking and labelling of beauty merchandise containing nanomaterials is planned from 2013 and this will additionally apply to ingredients containing nanomaterials from 2014 in step with the European food statistics regulation.

Although numerous producers already claim in their classified ads that their merchandise use nanotechnology, it can not presently be established whether they truly contain nanoparticles or other nanomaterials. Marking and Labelling is simplest attainable, however, if it is also checked whether or not members are complying with the marking and labelling obligation. Methods for the reliable detection of nanomaterials in numerous products are currently being advanced and evaluated through the authorities and are already available in a few sub-regions.

Question 7. Why Are Nanomaterials Used In Cosmetics?

Answer :

Nanomaterials had been taken into account for the primary time inside the new cosmetics regulation (EC) No. 1223/2009 which comes into effect in the EU on 11 July 2013. What has been the case to date for UV filters and could remain so in destiny is that the selection on their inclusion in the fantastic list of the UV filters approved in cosmetics can be made via the EU Commission after a threat evaluation. It could be made on European degree by using the Scientific Committee of Consumer Safety (SCCS, formerly SCC, SCCNFP, SCCP) which advises the EU Commission. The basis for the threat assessment is fashioned with the aid of the Notes of Guidance.

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Question 8. Are Nanomaterials Used In Foods?

Answer :

It is being stated that nanomaterials are used as auxiliaries and components in ingredients. For example, silicic acid and different silicon-containing compounds are said to be used as anticaking dealers or thickeners to prevent table salt crystals and powder-shape foods from sticking collectively and to make ketchup pour greater effortlessly. Silicic acid is also used as a flocculant in wine and fruit juice manufacturing. It isn't yet clean whether or not silicic acid is genuinely used as a nanomaterial.

Nanomaterials also are allegedly used in particular as food dietary supplements. There are reports of the use of inorganic substances consisting of silicon dioxide, colloidal silver, calcium and magnesium in nanoparticle form. It isn't clean whether or not those substances are found in ingredients as nanoparticles or in aggregate form. The meals enterprise is currently growing practical ingredients in which nutrients, omega three fatty acids, phytosterols and aromas are enclosed in nanocapsules made from natural substances which include liposomes after which released at a selected spot within the body.

Question nine. Has There Ever Been A Product In Which The Nanomaterials Caused Damage To Health?

Answer :

So far, the BfR has now not obtained any reviews about instances wherein health damage became proven to were caused by nanoparticles or nanomaterials. The fitness issues, in a few cases excessive, which happened in March 2006 after using so-called nano sealing sprays had been not due to nanoparticles or different nanomaterials in step with the BfR findings.

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Question 10. What Contribution Does The Bfr Make To The Investigation Of Risks Caused By Nanomaterials?

Answer :

Together with the Federal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (BAuA) and the Federal Environmental Agency (UBA), the BfR advanced a studies approach to discover the ability dangers of nanotechnology as a ways returned as 2007 so as to outline the research requirements that exist for the evaluation of feasible dangers and promote the improvement of suitable test strategies and assessment techniques. Numerous research initiatives have been initiated in all 3 concerned establishments in the interim with the end result that a new version of the studies method to determine the possible dangers of nanotechnology changed into published in 2012. It additionally consists of a balance of the consequences of already completed initiatives and describes contemporary sports within the areas of characterisation, exposure, toxicological and ecotoxological effects, in addition to threat assessment and risk communication. The BfR now not most effective conducts its very own research projects, it also combines external know-how on methodical in addition improvement. In addition to this, the BfR scientists are worried in larger scale national and worldwide joint projects and committees.

Question eleven. What Is Nanotechnology?

Answer :

The definition most regularly used by authorities and enterprise entails structures, devices, and structures having novel houses and capabilities because of the association of their atoms on the 1 to 100 nanometer scale.

Many fields of undertaking make a contribution to nanotechnology, including molecular physics, substances technology, chemistry, biology, computer technology, electric engineering, and mechanical engineering.

Due to the acute breadth and generality of this definition, many opt to use the time period "nanotechnologies." For readability, it is also beneficial to distinguish among close to-term and lengthy-time period possibilities, or to section the sector into first-technology via fourth-technology ranges.

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Question 12. Why Develop Nanotechnology?

Answer :

Gaining better control over the structure of rely has been a number one challenge of our species for the reason that we started chipping flint. The fine of all human-made items depends on the association in their atoms. The value of our products relies upon on how hard it is for us to get the atoms and molecules to connect up the manner we want them. The amount of electricity used - and pollution created - depends at the methods we use to area and connect the molecules right into a given product. The intention of nanotechnology is to improve our manipulate over how we build matters, so that our merchandise may be of the best satisfactory and even as inflicting the lowest environmental impact. Nanotech is even anticipated to assist us heal the harm our beyond cruder and dirtier technology have precipitated to the biosphere.

Nanotechnology has been recognized as essential in fixing among the problems dealing with humanity. Specifically, it is the important thing to addressing the Foresight Nanotech Challenges:

Providing Renewable Clean Energy
Supplying Clean Water Globally
Improving Health and Longevity
Healing and Preserving the Environment
Making Information Technology Available To All
Enabling Space Development
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Question thirteen. How Can Nanotechnology Promise To Build Products With Both Extreme Precision In Structure, And Environmental Cleanliness In The Production Process?

Answer :

Traditional production builds in a "top down" fashion, taking a piece of cloth and disposing of chunks of it - as an example, by means of grinding, or by way of dissolving with acids - till the final product component is achieved. The purpose of nanotechnology is to as a substitute construct in a "bottom-up" style, starting with character molecules and bringing them collectively to form product elements in which every atom is in a specific, designed vicinity. In contrast with the pinnacle-down technique, this technique may want to probably have tons less fabric left over, significantly decreasing pollution.

In exercise, each pinnacle-down and backside-up techniques are beneficial and being actively pursued on the nanoscale. However, the closing aim of constructing products with atomic precision will require a backside-up approach.

Question 14. How Is Nanotech Different From Biotech?

Answer :

Based at the definition of nanotech given above, biotech may be concept of as a subset of nanotech - "nature's nanotechnology." Biotech makes use of the molecular systems, devices, and structures found in flora and animals to create new molecular products. Nanotech is greater general, no longer being limited to existing natural structures, gadgets, and structures, and rather designing and building new, non-organic ones. These can be quite distinct: harder, more potent, harder, and able to continue to exist a dry or warm surroundings, unlike biology. For instance, nanotech products can be used to construct an vehicle or spacecraft.

Question 15. Where Is Nanotechnology Being Developed?

Answer :

Research and development of nanotechnology is taking area international. As this is written, authorities spending is at approximately one billion U.S. Bucks in every of 4 international areas: (1) america, (2) Europe, (3) Japan, and (4) the relaxation of the sector, consisting of China, Israel, Taiwan, Singapore, South Korea, and India. Similar quantities are stated to be being spent inside the personal region, with these figures being quite hard to decide correctly because of the breadth of the nanotech definition, which incorporates a huge quantity of older technologies.

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Question sixteen. Which Country Leads In Nanotechnology?

Answer :

World leadership in nanotechnology varies in step with which sub-category of technology is being tested. In popular, nanotechnology is in contrast to a range of of latest principal technological improvements in that the U.S. Does not hold a very robust lead on the start. High best paintings is taking place round the arena, along with international locations with a better fraction of engineering graduates, a good deal lower R&D fees, and (sadly) much less-stringent environmental standards.

Question 17. What Results Can Be Expected In The Near-term? The Mid-term? The Long-time period?

Answer :

Nanotech's improvement can usefully be divided into degrees, as an instance:

1st era: Passive nanostructures
2nd era: Active nanostructures
3rd technology: Three-dimensional nanosystems with heterogeneous nanocomponents
4th generation: Heterogeneous molecular nanosystems, where each molecule in the nanosystem has a particular shape and performs a exceptional function
As this is written, 1st era merchandise are commercially available, 2nd generation work is taking place within the laboratory, and later generations are at the computational experiment and modeling level.

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Question 18. Are There Any Safety Or Environmental Issues With The Nanotechnologies In Use Today?

Answer :

Concerns were raised regarding capacity fitness and environmental outcomes of the passive nanostructures termed "nanoparticles." Regulatory organizations and requirements bodies are beginning to take a look at these problems, although appreciably more funding for these efforts is needed. Foresight is running with the International Council on Nanotechnology to cope with these concerns.

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Question 19. What Is Foresight's Role In Nanotechnology?

Answer :

As the main public interest organization in nanotechnology in view that its founding in 1986, Foresight seeks to sell useful nanotechnology.
Foresight concerns itself with policy improvement and training on societal and moral implications of nanotechnology, consisting of each advancing advantageous applications and attempting to reduce ability downsides to the technology.

Question 20. What Is Nanometer?

Answer :

A nanometer is one billionth of a meter. (A meter is 39.37 inches, or slightly longer than one backyard.) The prefix “nano” means “one billionth”, or 10-9, in the international system for gadgets of weights and measures. The abbreviation for nanometer is "nm."

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Question 21. Is Nanotechnology New? Where Did It Come Form?

Answer :

Nanoscale substances have been used for over one thousand years. For example, nanoscale gold become utilized in stained glass in Medieval Europe and nanotubes had been located in blades of swords made in Damascus. However, ten centuries passed before high-powered microscopes have been invented, permitting us to see matters on the nanoscale and begin working with those substances.

Nanotechnology as we now are aware of it commenced more than 30 years ago, when gear to photo and measure at the nanoscale became available. Around the turn of the century, authorities research managers within the United States and other international locations discovered that physicists, biologists, chemists, electrical engineers, optical engineers, and substances scientists have been operating on interconnected, multidisciplinary problems rising at the nanoscale. In 2000, the U.S. National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI) was created to help these researchers advantage from each other’s insights, accelerate technology improvement, and foster commercialization throughout disciplines.

Question 22. What Are Nonmaterial’s? Do They Exit In Nature?

Answer :

The term "nanomaterial" refers to nanoscale substances, or materials that include nanoscale systems internally or on their surfaces. These can include engineered (or man-made) nanometer-scale items which includes nanoparticles, nanotubes, and nanofilms, as well as certainly happening nanoparticles which include volcanic ash, sea spray, and smoke.

Question 23. What Are Nanoparticles, Nanotubes, And Nanofilms?

Answer :

Depending on the shape, the utility, or the additives, nanomaterials can be called by using a diffusion of different names, together with nanoparticles, nanotubes, nanofilms, nanoshells, nanospheres, nanowires, nanoclays, nanoconcrete, nanopolymers, and plenty more. Other nanomaterials have awesome characteristics which have led researchers to call them through different non-nano prefix names, together with quantum dots or graphene. Generally speakme, nanomaterials are gadgets with one or greater dimension at the nanoscale. Efforts to standardize those words are presently underway, as an instance, by way of the International Organization for Standardization. For greater statistics, go to the Standards page.

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Question 24. Are Nanotechnology Products Available Today?

Answer :

Yes, nanotechnology is becoming ubiquitous in our every day lives and has observed its manner into many industrial merchandise, as an instance, sturdy, lightweight materials for better fuel economy; targeted drug shipping for more secure and extra effective cancer treatments; easy, on hand ingesting water round the arena; superfast computers with large quantities of storage; self-cleaning surfaces; wearable health monitors; greater efficient solar panels; safer food via packaging and tracking; regrowth of pores and skin, bone, and nerve cells for higher medical outcomes; clever home windows that lighten or darken to preserve energy; and nanotechnology-enabled concrete that dries greater quick and has sensors to detect stress or corrosion at the nanoscale in roads, bridges, and homes. By a few estimates, revenue from the sale of nanotechnology-enabled products made inside the United States has grown more than six-fold from 2009 thru 2016 and is projected to exceed $500 billion in 2016.

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Question 25. What Is The National Nanotechnology Initiative?

Answer :

The National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI) is a U.S. Government studies and improvement (R&D) initiative involving the nanotechnology-related activities of 20 departments and impartial corporations. Since 2001, Federal companies and Cabinet-stage departments have invested extra than $23 billion in nanotechnology studies, development, and commercialization. These investments, made beneath the auspices of the NNI, have enabled groundbreaking discoveries that have revolutionized technological know-how; set up international-elegance facilities for the characterization of nanoscale materials and their fabrication into nanoscale gadgets; educated tens of lots of people from undergraduate college students to postdoctoral researchers; and fostered the responsible incorporation of nanotechnology into industrial merchandise.

Question 26. Who Participates In The Nni?

Answer :

The NNI network extends beyond the Federal Government and includes grantees, students, agencies, technical and expert societies, foundations, and others engaged in nanotechnology studies and development. This colourful community exists in large element due to the efforts of the NNI agencies over the past  a long time. With the expansion of clinical knowledge in nanotechnology, formal and casual collaborations have developed among researchers across a various range of fields and nations. These interactions and collaborations had been and stay facilitated with the aid of company activities along with public–personal partnerships, research facilities, and networks. In addition to supplying fabrication, characterization, and trying out abilities, the NNI’s bodily infrastructure also offers an area for researchers, enterprise, and thoughts to mix, further expanding the network. This community has broken down the conventional disciplinary obstacles and laid the foundation for interdisciplinary discovery, that is an increasing number of important to research as fields converge.

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Question 27. What Is The National Nanotechnology Coordination Office(nnco)?

Answer :

The National Nanotechnology Coordination Office (NNCO) helps to coordinate the U.S. Government’s R&D efforts in nanotechnology, serves as the significant point of touch for Federal nanotechnology R&D activities, facilitates to foster the commercialization of nanotechnology, and presents public outreach on behalf of the National Nanotechnology Initiative. The NNCO also presents technical and administrative guide to the Nanoscale Science, Engineering, and Technology (NSET) Subcommittee of the National Science and Technology Council, which coordinates the NNI. For extra information, see the NNCO segment of this website.

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Question 28. How Much Money Does The U.S Government Spend On Nanotechnology?

Answer :

The cumulative NNI investment due to the fact monetary yr 2001, which include the 2017 request, now totals greater than $23 billion. In addition, extra than $1 billion has been invested cumulatively for the reason that 2004 in funding for nanotechnology-based totally small businesses via the Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) and Small Business Technology Transfer (STTR) applications of the participating Federal groups. Nanotechnology-associated environmental, fitness, and safety (EHS, or nanoEHS) sports have grow to be an indicator of the NNI, with R&D, policy, and law on this region appreciably coordinated among Federal businesses. NanoEHS sports, consisting of applicable topics included into the Nanotechnology Signature Initiatives (NSIs), account for approximately 10% of the NNI price range request from 2015-2017. Cumulative NNI EHS investments from 2006 via 2015 have now reached more than $1 billion. 

Question 29. How Does Money U.S. Spending Compare To Other Countries?

Answer :

The United States isn't the most effective united states to recognize the splendid economic ability of nanotechnology. The U.S. National Nanotechnology Initiative's member organizations have cumulatively spent extra than $23 billion because the inception of the NNI in 2001. According to a Lux Research estimate launched in December 2015, “The U.S. Leads in government (nation and Federal) nanotechnology investment with $1.72 billion spent in 2013 and $1.Sixty seven billion spent in 2014. Europe’s collective spending (European Commission and individual country applications) changed into $2.Forty five billion in 2014, an boom of nine.Eight% from 2012. While some international locations, along with the U.S., retain to have centralized government programs to coordinate nanotechnology sports, most nations not do. In fact, many countries no longer explicitly fund nanotechnology, even though it is able to be a part of projects which are funded underneath one-of-a-kind technology help programs. Because of this alteration, it is difficult to decide with certainty the level of nanotechnology investment by way of us of a or place.”

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Question 30. How Can I Get Funding For My Research In Nanotechnology?

Answer :

The National Nanotechnology Initiative itself is not a investment application; funding is provided through the NNI member corporations. There are various mechanisms for investment research through those businesses. For specific facts on Federal investment packages, see Funding Opportunities. For furnish records, see Current Solicitations. See additionally the listing of Federal corporation representatives to the NSET Subcommittee, who can help members of the studies network locate the perfect mechanisms to apply for aggressive investment packages.

Question 31. What Are Future Workforce Needs?

Answer :

Nanotechnology has the capability to create many new jobs throughout an expansion of sectors. While some jobs, will require a sophisticated diploma, a 2014 examine funded through the National Science Foundation factors out that 2-12 months and four-year schooling with get admission to to persevering with and technical training might be enough for the various future positions in nanotechnology, nonmanufacturing, and past.